PVC Formulary

The book has four chapters, each containing invaluable information for PVC manufacturers, processors, and users. In the first chapter, polymer properties determining its proper selection are discussed. All essential information required for the decision-making process is presented in a clear form in order to provide the reader with the necessary data.

The second chapter contains information aiding in the selection of any required additives. Twenty- three groups of additives are used in PVC processing to improve its properties and obtain the set of product characteristics required by the end-user. Similar to the previous chapter, the information is concise but contains much-needed data to aid the reader. The third chapter contains 500 formulations of products belonging to 23 categories derived from characteristic methods of production. Formulations come from recent patents, publications in journals, and from suggestions of raw material suppliers. A broad selection of formulations is used in each category to determine the essential components of formulations used in a particular method of processing, the most important parameters of successful products, troubleshooting information, and suggestions of further sources of information on the method of processing. This part results from a review of thousands of patents, over two thousand of research papers, and information available from manufacturers of polymers and additives.

The final chapter contains data on PVC and its products. The data are assigned to one of the following sections: general data and nomenclature, chemical composition and properties, physical properties, mechanical properties, health and safety, environmental information, use and application information. The data are based on information contained in over 1200 research papers and present the most comprehensive set of data on PVC ever assembled.

The concept of this and a companion book (PVC Degradation & Stabilization) is to provide the reader with complete information and data required to formulate successful and durable products or to evaluate his formulations on the background of formulations used by others. For scientists and students, these two books give a complete set of the most up-to-date information, state-of-the-art, and data required for the development of new ideas and learning from a comprehensive review contributed by the author of 5 books on PVC written in the last 25 years.

Regulatory agencies, consumer groups, and law enforcement agencies will also find this book invaluable because it contains a realistic composition of products produced today, based on broad research of information which no other available source offers.

There were many good books published on PVC in the past which are still in use today. Their main drawback is that they contain information which frequently does not apply to today’s products and thus creates confusion which is avoided with these two books: PVC Degradation & Stabilization and The PVC Formulary, which were written with the goal to give the most current information to those who need it today.

1 PVC Properties

1.1 Commercial types and grades

1.1.1 General purpose resins

1.1.1.1 Suspension

1.1.1.2 Mass

1.1.2 Dispersion resins (emulsion, microsuspension)

1.1.3 Specialty resins

1.1.3.1 Powder process resins

1.1.3.2 Ultrahigh molecular weight resins

1.1.3.3 Absorptive resins

1.1.3.4 Deglossing resins

1.1.3.4 Extender resins

1.1.4 Copolymers

1.1.4.1 VC/VAc copolymers

1.1.4.2 Grafted copolymers

1.2 Forms ready for processing

1.2.1 Powder

1.2.2 Dryblend and pellets

1.2.3 Paste and solution

1.2.4 Latex

1.3 Physical-chemical properties of pure and compounded PVC

1.3.1 Molecular weight and its distribution

1.3.2 Particle size and shape

1.3.3 Porosity

1.3.4 Purity

1.3.5 Density

1.3.6 Crystalline structure, crystallinity, morphology

1.3.7 Thermal properties

1.3.8 Electrical properties

1.3.9 Optical and spectral properties

1.3.10 Shrinkage

1.3.11 Chemical resistance

1.3.12 Environmental stress cracking

1.3.13 Mechanical properties

1.3.14 Other properties of PVC

References

2 PVC Additives

2.1 Plasticizers

2.2 Fillers

2.3 Pigments and dyes

2.4 Thermal stabilizers

2.5 UV stabilizers

2.6 Impact modifiers

2.7 Antiblocking agents

2.8 Release agents

2.9 Slip agents

2.10 Antistatics

2.11 Flame retardants

2.12 Smoke suppressants

2.13 Lubricants

2.14 Process aids

2.15 Vicat/HDT modifiers

2.16 Foaming agents and promoters

2.17 Antifog agents

2.18 Crosslinking agents

2.19 Adhesion promoters

2.20 Brighteners

2.21 Biocides and fungicides

2.22 Magnetic additives

2.23 Flexibilizers

2.24 Nucleating agents

References

3 The PVC Formulations

3.1 Blow molding

3.1.1 Bottles and containers

3.1.2 Other products

Conclusive remarks

3.2 Calendering

3.2.2 Floor coverings

3.2.3 Pool liner

3.2.4 Roofing membrane

3.2.5 Sheet

3.2.6 Sponged leather

Conclusive remarks

3.3 Composites

Conclusive remarks

3.4 Dip coating

Conclusive remarks

3.5 Extrusion

3.5.1 General section

3.5.2 Blinds

3.5.3 Clear compound

3.5.4 Gaskets

3.5.5 Fencing

3.5.6 Interior profiles

3.5.7 Pipes

3.5.8 Planks

3.5.9 Rigid articles

3.5.10 Sheet

3.5.11 Siding

3.5.12 Tubing

3.5.13 Water stop seal

3.5.14 Window and door profile

3.5.15 Other products

Conclusive remarks

3.6 Fiber and thread coating

3.7 Film production

3.7.1 Film

3.7.2 Food wrap

Conclusive remarks

3.8 Foaming and foam extrusion

Conclusive remarks

3.9 Gel & sealant formulations

Conclusive remarks

3.10 Injection molding

3.10.1 General

3.10.2 Fittings

3.10.3 Toys

3.10.4 Other products

Conclusive remarks

3.11 Joining and assembly

3.12 Lamination

3.13 Metallization

3.14 Powder coating

3.15 Printing

3.16 Rotational molding

3.17 Sintering

3.18 Slush molding

3.19 Solvent casting

3.20 Spraying

3.21 Thermoforming

3.22 Web coating

3.22.1 General

3.22.2 Coated fabrics

3.22.3 Conveyor belts

3.22.4 Flooring

3.22.5 Swimming pool liners

3.22.6 Tarpaulin

3.22.7 Upholstery

3.22.8 Wallcovering

3.22.9 Other products

Conclusive remarks

3.23 Wire & cable

3.23.1 ExxonMobil wire insulation formulas

3.23.2 Traditional lead stabilizers in wire and cable

Conclusive remarks

3.24 General remarks

4 Data

4.1 General data and nomenclature

4.2 Chemical composition and properties

4.3 Physical properties

4.4 Mechanical properties

4.5 Health and safety

4.6 Environmental data

4.7 Use and application data